Theme
The Teacher
INSTITUTION
Royal Bolton Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
North Western Deanery, United Kingdom
•239 articles identified. Within these articles, 35 articles were unavailable or not relevant.
•Table 1 summarises general results
·The most studies were done in the United States (n=116)
•Most studies evaluated trainers or training, were for formative purposes and presented quantitative data (figures 1 and 2)
•Most commonly used evaluation tool was paper survey and closed questions were frequently used within the survey (figures 1 and 2)
•Average duration of the study was 18 months
•Average number of participants: 1674
•Average response rate: 76%
Table 1 General summary of results
Figure 1 Top row: Left- Data type, Right- Purpose of study, Bottom row: Left- Kirkpatrick levels, Right- Type of evaluation used
Figure 2 Left: Domain of feedback, Right: Quality of questions used
Table 2 Summary of both overt and implied biases found within the literature
•Method of of feedback and motivation were the most common bias that were implied (table 2)
•Accountability and confidentiality and the voluntary nature of the survey were the most common biases recognized within the articles
Upward feedback can improve ratee performance, but methods in reducing bias may be affected by financial and time constraints